Copy editting - Below, you can see how much each type of editor may cost for a novel-length manuscript. Developmental editors cost $1,000 and $8,000, depending on manuscript length and the individual editor’s experience level. Line editors cost between $600 and $2,000. Copy editors cost between $300 and $1,200. Proofreaders cost between $200 …

 
Employing a copy-editing service or freelancer. If you decide to outsource copy-editing, it’s essential to have a clear objective and style laid out for the editor. Clarify precisely what is required of the copy editor and provide them with a brief, including tone of voice, audience, necessary resources, and style guides.. Naruto leaves konoha instead of sasuke fanfiction

Make sure that you complete the most important editing and proofreading tasks. Editing. Editing is what you begin doing as soon as you finish your first draft. You reread your draft to see, for example, whether the paper is well-organized, the transitions between paragraphs are smooth, and your evidence really backs up your argument.See the exact copy-editing effort for each manuscript instantly and save time and effort. Our Copy-edit level recommender is powered our proprietary language quality assessment technology and offers the most accurate evaluation for every manuscript. Integrate it at any step within your workflow and harness the power of AI for real benefits.Copy editing, copy-editing, or copyediting is the editing process that involves corrections in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style of a written piece. Like mechanical editing, copy editing focuses on the minor errors in the written document. It does not involve heavy or substantive editing where the content editors have to look for the ...Ranked in the top 1% of all Editing & Proofreading contractors. I am a freelance editor with a BA in English and Creative Writing from Macalester College. I have over 10 years of experience in developmental editing, creative line editing for style and flow, copy editing, and proofreading.Better to send a quick email or IM (or to leave a comment in the copy for review) asking for clarification rather than to let a serious mistake appear on your website. 6. Common usage mistakes. I could probably write a whole post about common usage mistakes that non-copy editors can easily look for when editing (and maybe one day I will!).In summary, here are 10 of our most popular editing courses. Good with Words: Writing and Editing: University of Michigan. Create a Promotional Video using Canva: Coursera Project Network. Writing and Editing: Revising: University of Michigan. Graphic Design: California Institute of the Arts.Download Adobe InCopy writing and copy editing software when you get started with Adobe Creative Cloud. Start your free trial today.30 mai 2022 ... RCO/DSO is currently seeking qualified copy editor consultant on an as-needed basis. The consultant must have a demonstrated high level of ...Copy editing, copy-editing, or copyediting is the editing process that involves corrections in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style of a written piece. Like mechanical editing, copy editing focuses on the minor errors in the written document. It does not involve heavy or substantive editing where the content editors have to look for the ...To insert the plugin, open your browser and go to the Greg Maxey website. Select “Resources,” then click “Proofreader Marks Add-in.”. You’ll find it at the end of the page. Then, it will open a dialog box and some prompts you need to follow. Open MS Word, and you will see a new “Proofreading Marks: section on the “Add-Ins” tab.The below-mentioned forms are free to copy and use. You just need to click on the form name or image, then you will see the editor's page with the code and the result. Registration forms | Contact forms | Feedback forms | Evaluation forms | Application forms | Booking forms | Career forms | Complaint forms | SurveysThe Open Search Editor command opens an existing Search Editor if one exists, or to otherwise create a new one. The New Search Editor command will always create a new Search Editor. ... You can also use the Open New Search Editor button at the top of the Search view, and can copy your existing results from a Search view over to a Search …16 dec. 2022 ... A freelance copy editor reviews content to ensure that it is clear, engaging, and free from grammatical and spelling errors.Below, you can see how much each type of editor may cost for a novel-length manuscript. Developmental editors cost $1,000 and $8,000, depending on manuscript length and the individual editor’s experience level. Line editors cost between $600 and $2,000. Copy editors cost between $300 and $1,200. Proofreaders cost between $200 …Pruning excessive “ings” makes your writing clearer and easier to read. 22. Check your commas with “that” and “which”. When used as a descriptor, the word “which” takes a comma. But the word “that” doesn’t. For example: “We went to the house that collapsed yesterday” or “We went to the house, which collapsed ...Now that the skeleton of your book is fully aligned and the flesh is starting to adhere to the bones, it's time to zoom in and start working on the details. 4. Do a 'scene by scene' edit. Next comes scene-by-scene editing. Here, you'll ensure each scene contributes to the story, and that the details within are compelling.17 sept. 2014 ... As with so many compound words, either form works; some dictionaries list it both ways. The AP Stylebook says copy editor is two words just like ...Copy Editing. Some Common Problems to Avoid. That and which. If the clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, it takes that ...Define copy-edited. copy-edited synonyms, copy-edited pronunciation, copy-edited translation, English dictionary definition of copy-edited. or copy edit also cop·y-ed·it tr.v. cop·y·ed·it·ed , cop·y·ed·it·ing , cop·y·ed·its To correct and prepare for publication.By definition, copy editing is the process of reviewing your work before publication by correcting mistakes, checking for inaccuracies, and preventing repetition in your writing. The Webster’s Dictionary definition is: “An editor who prepares copy for the typesetter.”. That’s a vague definition, so let’s break it down by explaining ...The Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP), formerly the Society for Editors and Proofreaders (SfEP), is a non-profit body promoting excellence in English language editing. We set and demonstrate editorial standards, and we are a community, training hub and support network for editorial professionals – the people who work to make text …6 iul. 2021 ... At PRH, I worked as a senior copy editor for a group of imprints now under the Penguin Workshop umbrella. I assigned work to freelancers, while ...Copy editing (sometimes also correctly spelled copyediting), is the process of finding errors and improving readability within a piece of written material before publication. This can be a blog post, a book, newspaper article — pretty much anything written. This is what the "copy" portion of copy editing refers to: the written words.List of proofreader's marks. This article is a list of standard proofreader's marks used to indicate and correct problems in a text. Marks come in two varieties, abbreviations and abstract symbols. These are usually handwritten on the paper containing the text. Symbols are interleaved in the text, while abbreviations may be placed in a margin ...Use the vi /path/to/file command to open an existing file with Vi. The vi /path/to/file command also works if the file doesn't exist yet; Vi will create a new file and write it to the specified location when you save. Remember to use sudo if you want to edit a system file. So, for example, you'd type sudo vi /etc/fstab if you wanted to edit ...In it, Einsohn and Schwartze act like trusted friends, giving you some of their best personal advice that can improve or even kickstart your career in copy editing. Topics covered include an overview of the general editing process, tips on the latest language and grammatical practices, and a list of online resources that you may find handy when ...Proofreading marks and symbols Although a significant amount of editing and proofreading is now done using tools such as Microsoft’s track changes feature and Adobe’s commenting tool, you may find yourself faced with traditional proofreading marks and symbols on a printed document someday.. The following list shows some of the most …Go to the Password Protect PDF tool. Drag and drop your PDF into the toolbox. Type the password you’d like to set. Click “Encrypt PDF” to add the password to the PDF. Download your encrypted PDF file! For fully-protected PDF security, we’d recommend placing a password and locking the PDF file from editing at the same time.Journalism ethics. Proofreading. 2. Read and write regularly. The best way to strengthen your skills as a copy editor is to constantly practice by reading and writing regularly. Read the types of content you want to edit to immerse yourself in industry best practices and identify common issues with flow and readability.The majority of online editor jobs pay between $31-57,000, suggesting that opportunities are ripe for advancement and increased pay based on skill level and experience. In other words, the more of an experienced editor you are, the more money you’ll bring in. Learn more about getting paid in The Definitive Guide to Freelance …Are you looking to add some festive cheer to your digital projects this holiday season? Look no further. In this article, we will explore the best websites where you can find free Christmas images to copy.COPY EDITOR meaning: a person whose job is to prepare a book, newspaper, etc., for printing by making sure the words are correct.Copy editing and language polishing. Manuscripts that are accepted for publication will usually be checked by a copyeditor for spelling and formal style. All journals follow certain standards with regard to the presentation of the content and copyeditors make sure that manuscripts conform to these styles.Substantive Editing Line Editing Copy Editing Proofreading: Email for quote: Has done 62 best-sellers, 132 award-winners, 1000+ books, and Margaret Atwood’s go-to copy editor: Gareth Clegg: Proofreading LE or CE Full Edit. $10 per 1000 words $20 per 1000 words $30 per 1000 words. Science Fiction and Fantasy: Lee Clarity Consulting ...Copyediting is the process of checking for mistakes, inconsistencies, and repetition. During this process, your manuscript is polished for publication. Contrary to popular belief, the copyeditor is not a glorified spell checker. The copyeditor is your partner in publication. He or she makes sure that your manuscript tells the best story possible.Ranked in the top 1% of all Editing & Proofreading contractors. I am a freelance editor with a BA in English and Creative Writing from Macalester College. I have over 10 years of experience in developmental editing, creative line editing for style and flow, copy editing, and proofreading.80 Copy Editor Online Publishing jobs available on Indeed.com. Apply to Editor, Copy Editor, Associate Editor and more!Copy Editors . Copy editors typically get reporters' stories after they have been given an initial edit by assignment editors. They edit stories with a focus on the writing, looking at grammar, spelling, flow, transitions, and style. They also make sure the lede is supported by the rest of the story and the angle makes sense.6. The Copyeditor’s Handbook by Amy Einsohn and Marilyn Schwartz. The Copyeditor’s Handbook is another book that’s revised intermittently in order to keep up with the latest linguistic trends, and a vital addition to have on your shelf (or in your digital library).To edit a PDF, open it in Word. This works best with PDFs that are mostly text. PDFs of book chapters or something that looks like a manuscript from a copier won't be formatted well in Word. Go to File > Open. Find the PDF and open it (you might have to select Browse and find the PDF in a folder). Word tells you that it's going to make a copy ...At Capstone Editing, we specialise in providing editing services for all academics. Copy Editing for PostGraduate Students. A PhD thesis can be a complex, lengthy document. There are so many things to get right from grammar, form and style to referencing and formatting. If you are feeling a little out of your depth and want to present the best ...Develop solid copy-editing skills by learning to identify and correct content errors, problems in technical quality, style guide conformity, and issues in ...Proofers provides a professional copy editing service. We are able to copy edit most types of document – everything from essays, dissertations and business ...Nov 17, 2022 · An academic copy editor undertakes the following responsibilities: Ensuring that the document is well-formatted according to the prescribed guidelines. Performing a basic fact-check (if the editor is a subject matter expert) Checking the citations and references for correctness and formatting. Removing mechanical errors from the document. What is Copy Editing? Copy editing makes sure a piece of writing is accurate, clear and correct. It’s the step that gets a text ready to publish. Specifically, depending on the publication, it involves most or all of the following: Checking the facts (names, dates, times, places, past events, etc.). Checking the math (percents, totals, tax ...Oct 20, 2023 · Copy editing: Technical editors copy edit all materials by reviewing style and formatting. They ensure a document meets the client's goals. Proofreading: Editors proofread documents for correct grammar and spelling. They may make suggestions to writers and complete the final review before publication. How to add passwords and permissions to PDF files: Open a file in Acrobat and choose “Tools” > “Protect.”. Select whether you want to restrict editing with a password or encrypt the file with a certificate or password. Set password or security method as desired. Click “OK” and then click “Save.”.Substantive Editing Line Editing Copy Editing Proofreading: Email for quote: Has done 62 best-sellers, 132 award-winners, 1000+ books, and Margaret Atwood’s go-to copy editor: Gareth Clegg: Proofreading LE or CE Full Edit. $10 per 1000 words $20 per 1000 words $30 per 1000 words. Science Fiction and Fantasy: Lee Clarity Consulting ...Define copy-edited. copy-edited synonyms, copy-edited pronunciation, copy-edited translation, English dictionary definition of copy-edited. or copy edit also cop·y-ed·it tr.v. cop·y·ed·it·ed , cop·y·ed·it·ing , cop·y·ed·its To correct and prepare for publication.Offered fully online, the Certificate in Professional Copyediting, Proofreading, and Fact-Checking is designed to provide students with expert advice on what publishers look for and the skills needed to become an exemplary copy editor across all types of media–including book, magazine, newspaper, and online publishing.In today’s digital age, the job market is becoming increasingly competitive. To stand out from the crowd, it’s essential to have a polished and up-to-date resume. Traditionally, this meant printing out multiple copies of your resume and han...A professional editor will take your manuscript from a rough draft to a polished, finished product. They will do this by looking at all aspects of your writing, from flow, pacing, characterisation, plot, description, dialogue, punctuation, grammar, and formatting. An edit covers both objective (i.e. errors and typos) and subjective (things that ...Mar 15, 2021 · Copy editing. Copy editing is editing through a more microscopic lens. It’s where you make sure mechanics are watertight—by auditing spelling, grammar, style, and punctuation. A copy editor will also enhance a text’s readability, which can involve finessing transitions, honing language to fit a specific style and audience, adhering to ... That's why having an expert editor is so important. Copy editing focuses on (but is not limited to) correction of errors in grammar, usage, spelling, ...6. The Copyeditor’s Handbook by Amy Einsohn and Marilyn Schwartz. The Copyeditor’s Handbook is another book that’s revised intermittently in order to keep up with the latest linguistic trends, and a vital addition to have on your shelf (or in your digital library).7 mar. 2021 ... If you ever intend on becoming a copy editor, then you need to know what you are actually doing. Many of us get involved in things like copy ...An academic copy editor undertakes the following responsibilities: Ensuring that the document is well-formatted according to the prescribed guidelines. Performing a basic fact-check (if the editor is a subject matter expert) Checking the citations and references for correctness and formatting. Removing mechanical errors from the document.1. Define the copy editing requirements and scope of work to be completed. 1. Correct errors and typos – proofreading, spelling, and syntax. 2. Improve consistency and flow – formatting and style guide standards. 3. Ensure accuracy – verify sources and fact check. 2. Read through … See moreCopy editing. Copy editing is editing through a more microscopic lens. It’s where you make sure mechanics are watertight—by auditing spelling, grammar, style, and punctuation. A copy editor will also enhance a text’s readability, which can involve finessing transitions, honing language to fit a specific style and audience, adhering to ...Top Impact Scientific Editing Service Process. STEP. 1. Author shares the manuscript, references, and the target journal. STEP. 2. The Scientific Editor will revise your manuscript for optimal research presentation, technical accuracy in terminology, coherence, and content structure. STEP.With Fotor's free image editor, you can edit photo online like a professional in just 3 simple steps. 1. Upload a photo. Upload or drag and drop a photo to our online photo editor to start editing. 2. Edit your photo. Adjust …3. Editor World. Editor World is a Virginia-based editing service with editors in the US, UK, and Canada. They provide editing services primarily for students, authors, academics, and government professionals. With Editor World, you submit individual documents that are charged on a per-word basis.When tax season approaches, that means it’s time to get a copy of your W2 from each job you worked that tax year. If you don’t receive copies before your appointment to have your taxes done, these guidelines for how to get a copy of your W2...Average freelance editing rates. Based on 2022 data from Reedsy's marketplace, average freelance editor rates can fall between $0.015 per word for proofreading, $0.020 for an editorial assessment, $0.021 for copy editing, and $0.028 for developmental editing. Most editors charge per word, since hourly rates don't account …Proofreading is the final stage of the editing process and will ensure your book fully meets its potential for success. The average costs of working with a professional proofreader on Reedsy are: $350 for a 40k-word book. $520 for a 60k-word book. $700 for an 80k-word book. Head to our marketplace to request quotes from a variety of ...Antidote. Who It’s For: Those who prefer editing their work locally rather than online or with cloud software. Pricing: $59.95. Antidote works locally on your machine. Antidote is a lesser-known type of copyediting software. Developed in France, it’s available on Mac, Windows, Linux and also on Chromebook.What is Copy Editing? Copy editing makes sure a piece of writing is accurate, clear and correct. It’s the step that gets a text ready to publish. Specifically, depending on the publication, it involves most or all of the following: Checking the facts (names, dates, times, places, past events, etc.). Checking the math (percents, totals, tax ...Copy editing Practices. Mechanical editing is the process of closely reading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or... Processes. There are basic procedures that every copy editor must follow: copy editors need a system for marking changes... Goals. A copy editor's goals may ... Use the generated text in Facebook and other social media posts or comments and 🆂🆃🅰🅽🅳 🅾🆄🆃 in the crowd. Learn how to edit your text easily with this free online unicode converter. Generate symbols and cool and stylish fonts for websites, blogs or social media. Let your characters stand out with custom and crazy decorations.Feb 14, 2023 · Conclusion. Editing and proofreading are different processes. Editing happens before proofreading and includes making content, structural, and organizational changes. Proofreading is the last stage in the writing process and happens before the writing is published or submitted. Proofreaders check for grammar, spelling, punctuation ... A professional editor will take your manuscript from a rough draft to a polished, finished product. They will do this by looking at all aspects of your writing, from flow, pacing, characterisation, plot, description, dialogue, punctuation, grammar, and formatting. An edit covers both objective (i.e. errors and typos) and subjective (things that ...Copy Editing. 1. Copy Editing is a type of professional editing that focuses on revising a manuscript in order to ensure accuracy, consistency, clarity, and conformity to a specific style guide. It involves more than just proofreading by identifying and recasting sentence structure, re-word sentences that are awkward or unclear, and determine ...Copy editing, on the other hand, just focuses on the copy itself. Spelling, grammar, punctuation — the basics. A copy editor isn’t there to question the argument of your piece or make higher level suggestions; it’s assumed that the overall structure of the piece is already pretty solid. They’ll also check the design, title, meta, author ...Choose the type of editing you want. Scribbr offers proofreading, copy editing, and line editing. However, we split the elements of these edits into separate services such as the Structure Check and Clarity Check. Read more about the types of editing we offer, so you can choose which Scribbr services will best help you get the feedback you need.Copy Editors . Copy editors typically get reporters' stories after they have been given an initial edit by assignment editors. They edit stories with a focus on the writing, looking at grammar, spelling, flow, transitions, and style. They also make sure the lede is supported by the rest of the story and the angle makes sense.Copy editing is the last step in preparing a document’s content. Getting help from a professional copy editing service will enhance your document by. Eliminating grammatical, typographical, and consistency errors. Improving clarity, readability, and overall language quality. Using terminology appropriate for the document’s subject matter. With Fotor's free image editor, you can edit photo online like a professional in just 3 simple steps. 1. Upload a photo. Upload or drag and drop a photo to our online photo editor to start editing. 2. Edit your photo. Adjust …Discover astounding free stock music tracks from a growing audio library to use in your next video editing project. All audio clips are royalty free and can be used with no attribution …In professional publishing, copy editing is the act of improving what an author writes. Proofreading, on the other hand, is a safety net that ensures that the author and copy editor didn't miss anything. These are two different jobs with the same goal: making a piece of writing as readable and error-free as possible.Editing is multi-faceted. First, you have to look at the bigger picture: the flow and structure of chapters, overall tone, and conciseness. This task is the job of a line editor. Then, look at the more minor details: spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. The copy editor is in charge of this process.Below is a step-by-step guide to setting up your freelance editing business in 2021. 1. Research the industry and type of content you want to work with. It’s true that editors are needed anywhere written words are published. But if you enjoy a specific media platform, medium, or publication, you may want to start there.In some cases, you may need to obtain a copy of your police report for a variety of reasons. Whether you’re filing an insurance claim, applying for a loan, or just curious about the details of an incident, having access to your police repor...To determine the value of old magazines, evaluate their condition and the notability of their content. Buyers typically want clean, fresh-looking copies of old magazines. To find out whether a magazine’s content is in demand, check eBay to ...Proofreading marks and symbols Although a significant amount of editing and proofreading is now done using tools such as Microsoft’s track changes feature and Adobe’s commenting tool, you may find yourself faced with traditional proofreading marks and symbols on a printed document someday.. The following list shows some of the most …This course gives participants a working knowledge of The Chicago Manual of Style, the most comprehensive and widely used style guide. The course covers the role and ethics of a copy editor, the editorial process, strategies for editing and using the CMOS, and CMOS topics such as spelling, punctuation, usage, numbers, foreign titles, tables and graphs, documentation, and more.AJE is the Preferred Editing Service of Nature Journals. We know how much effort goes into publishing a paper. Our team of advanced degree-holding experts provides English language editing, academic translation, and other manuscript preparation services, all backed by our 100% satisfaction guarantee. Why we're different.Editors transform basic text into powerful stories (in all media) that persuade people to take action. Once you’ve written a draft, review these 15 copy editing tips that help turn your articles, landing pages, webinar content, podcast episodes, and videos into shareable works of art. 1. Walk away. Realistically assess your post’s urgency.

30 mai 2022 ... RCO/DSO is currently seeking qualified copy editor consultant on an as-needed basis. The consultant must have a demonstrated high level of .... Moto x3m bike race game cool math games

copy editting

Copy-editing synonyms, Copy-editing pronunciation, Copy-editing translation, English dictionary definition of Copy-editing. or copy edit also cop·y-ed·it tr.v. cop·y·ed·it·ed , cop·y·ed·it·ing , cop·y·ed·its To correct and prepare for publication.As a copy editor, your responsibilities and duties include reviewing written material, called copy, before it is put into print or posted online.In professional publishing, copy editing is the act of improving what an author writes. Proofreading, on the other hand, is a safety net that ensures that the author and copy editor didn't miss anything. These are two different jobs with the same goal: making a piece of writing as readable and error-free as possible.This thesis examines coy editing before the Internet and software were introduced to the newsroom and compares it to what it is like now to be a copy editor in ...Download Adobe InCopy writing and copy editing software when you get started with Adobe Creative Cloud. Start your free trial today.Employing a copy-editing service or freelancer. If you decide to outsource copy-editing, it’s essential to have a clear objective and style laid out for the editor. Clarify precisely what is required of the copy editor and provide them with a brief, including tone of voice, audience, necessary resources, and style guides.Journalism ethics. Proofreading. 2. Read and write regularly. The best way to strengthen your skills as a copy editor is to constantly practice by reading and writing regularly. Read the types of content you want to edit to immerse yourself in industry best practices and identify common issues with flow and readability.Recent remote editing jobs: German Speaking Tech Copy Editor; Tech Content Writer; Explore more remote editor jobs here! 7. Forbes Media. Forbes Media is among the most trusted and sought-out business news sources in the world, comprised of team members who aim to “reimagine what a modern media company should be” …31 mai 2021 ... Often, the copy editor is helping make sure that the writer gets their message out clearly and concisely. Sometimes, writers might have plenty ...Jun 1, 2023 · The majority of online editor jobs pay between $31-57,000, suggesting that opportunities are ripe for advancement and increased pay based on skill level and experience. In other words, the more of an experienced editor you are, the more money you’ll bring in. Learn more about getting paid in The Definitive Guide to Freelance Contracts ... A copy edit is the lowest level of edit. Rarely does a manuscript need “just” a copy edit. Sometimes a copy edit is a final step performed separately by your editor or someone else with fresh eyes. Some editors (like me) do copy editing all along looking for these types of errors, and a copy edit is part of the line edit.Well, as the name suggests, copy editing is the process of revising and correcting written material, also known as copy. Copy can be about any topic and come in any form, from books to essays to material for a website.In today’s digital age, the job market is becoming increasingly competitive. To stand out from the crowd, it’s essential to have a polished and up-to-date resume. Traditionally, this meant printing out multiple copies of your resume and han...Use the vi /path/to/file command to open an existing file with Vi. The vi /path/to/file command also works if the file doesn't exist yet; Vi will create a new file and write it to the specified location when you save. Remember to use sudo if you want to edit a system file. So, for example, you'd type sudo vi /etc/fstab if you wanted to edit ...This is why copyediting is a key part of the writing process. Copy editing is the process of reviewing a paper to ensure it is 100% error-free. Copy editors check grammar, punctuation, and much more. Once you understand what copy editing involves, you’ll soon grasp why it is part of the writing process that cannot be skipped.Below is a step-by-step guide to setting up your freelance editing business in 2021. 1. Research the industry and type of content you want to work with. It’s true that editors are needed anywhere written words are published. But if you enjoy a specific media platform, medium, or publication, you may want to start there.The ACES Academy offers training for editors through webcasts, videos and on-demand courses in a dynamic digital platform. Editors can access a suite of training materials that includes webcasts, on-demand courses, quizzes and in-depth virtual training sessions. ... The American Copy Editors Society is a registered 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation.To register online for the Professional Sequence in Editing, complete these two steps: Submit the online registration, and complete your student account profile if you are a new student. Pay the nonrefundable registration fee through your shopping cart. Please allow 3–5 business days for the registration to appear in your student account.Has anyone figured out in the new editing experience how to copy steps and add them to the clipboard? Pasting is very limited. I can't even paste from one email to …A copy editor is responsible for ensuring that the content of a book, article, or magazine is factually correct. This includes looking for inconsistencies, such ....

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